...  RAN 


CLAN 


University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


PUEBLO  INDIAN  CLANS 


BY 


F.  W.  HODGE 


[FROM  THE  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  FOR  OCTOBER,  1896] 


WASHINGTON,   D.  C. 
JUDD    A    DETWEILER,    PRINTERS 

1896 


PUEBLO  INDIAN  CLANS 

F.   W.    HODGE 

In  the  study  of  the  Pueblo  tribes  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona 
there  is  no  subject  of  greater  interest  and  importance  than  the 
clanship  system  of  that  people.  Indeed,  their  genesis  and  early 
history  are  so  closely  interwoven  with  their  clan  divisions  that 
investigation  of  the  former  would  be  practically  impossible  with 
out  a  somewhat  comprehensive  knowledge  of  these  clans.  In 
the  incorporation  or  adoption  of  other  tribal  peoples  by  any  given 
Pueblo  tribe,  we  are  apt  to  find  that  (1)  the  new  people  retain 
their  old  clan  name  but  form  a  new  clan  in  their  adopted  vil 
lage;  (2)  are  given  an  entirely  new  clan  name  as  a  body,  or  (3) 
are  incorporated  by  a  clan  bearing  the  same  name  as  that  borne 
by  the  new  people  or  to  whom  the  latter  are  supposed  to  be 
related.  With  this  in  mind  it  is  the  intention  to  place  on  record 
the  aboriginal  and  English  names  of  the  various  clans  which  the 
writer  was  able  to  obtain  during  a  reconnoissance  of  the  pueblos 
of  New  Mexico  in  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1895.  The  exist 
ence  of  many — it  maybe  said  most — of  these  clans  has  hitherto 
been  unknown,  while  the  native  names  of  but  very  few  of  them 
have  ever  been  published.  Prof.  Adolph  F.  Bandelier,  however, 
has  given  us  the  translations  of  the  names  of  a  number  of  the  Rio 
Grande  pueblo  clans,  Dr  Fewkes  and  the  late  A.  M.  Stephen  have 
published  the  names  of  the  Hopi  and  Tewa  clans  of  the  First 
Mesa  of  Tusayan,  and  to  Mrs  M.  C.  Stevenson  we  are  indebted  for 
the  names  of  a  number  of  clans  of  the  pueblo  of  Sia. 

The  Pueblo  tribes  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  embody  four 
linguistic  stocks — Tanoan,  Keresan,  Zunian,  and  Shoshonean. 
The  Tanoan  stock  is,  or  rather  was,  composed  of  five  dialectal 
divisions — Tano,  Tewa,  Tiwa,  Jemez,  and  Piro.  Of  these  the 
Tano  no  longer  maintain  tribal  relations  ;  indeed,  they  are  ex 
tinct  as  a  tribe,  but  their  descendants  are  scattered  throughout 
the  other  pueblos,  the  greater  number  being  at  Santo  Domingo, 
with  whose  inhabitants  they  have  become  thoroughly  inter 
mixed.  The  Tewa  occupy  the  villages  of  San  Juan,  Santa  Clara, 
San  Ildefonso,  Pojoaque,  Nambe,  Tesuque,  and  the  pueblo  of 


346  THE   AMERICAN    ANTHROPOLOGIST  [Vol.    IX 

Hano  among  the  Hopi.  The  Tiwa,  called  by  the  Spaniards 
Tigua,  live  in  the  pueblos  of  Taos,  Picuris,  Sandia,  and  Isleta. 
The  Jemez  inhabit  the  single  village  of  that  name,  in  which  the 
few  surviving  members  of  the  kindred  Pecos  also  dwell.  The 
Piros,  now  almost  completely  Mexicanized,  are  found,  intermixed 
with  some  Tiwa,  at  the  villages  of  Senecu  and  Isleta  del  Sur,  be 
low  El  Paso,  on  the  Rio  Grande  in  Texas  and  Chihuahua.  The 
population  of  the  Tanoan  stock  (excluding  the  few  remaining 
Piros,  but  including  the  pueblo  of  Hano)  is  3,266. 

The  divisions  of  the  Keres  or  Keresan  stock  occupy  the  pueblos 
of  Acoma,  Laguna,  Sia,  Santa  Ana,  San  Felipe,  Santo  Domingo, 
and  Cochiti,  and  there  is  but  slight  dialectal  variation  in  their 
language.  The  population  of  the  Keres  is  3,561. 

The  Zufiian  stock  comprises  the  solitary  pueblo  of  Zuni.  They 
number  1,621. 

The  Pueblo  representatives  of  the  Shoshonean  stock  are  the 
Hopi  of  northeastern  Arizona,  who  occupy  the  towns  of  Sich- 
umovi,  Walpi,  Mashongnavi,  Shipaulovi,  Shumopovi,  and  Oraibe. 
The  population  of  these  villages  is  1,839.* 

The  Pueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  therefore 
number  10,287.  From  the  accompanying  schedule  it  will  be 
observed  that  of  the  Tewa  pueblos  San  Juan  has  19  clans  (ex 
clusive  of  three  clans  recorded  by  Bandelier,  the  past  or  present 
existence  of  which  was  emphatically  denied  to  me  by  the  In 
dians)  ;  Santa  Clara,  15 ;  San  Ildefonso,  29 ;  Nambe,  12  (includ 
ing  one  extinct)  ;  Tesuque,  4  existing  and  6  extinct,  and  Hano, 
8  existing  and  7  extinct.  Of  the  Pojoaque  there  are  only  19 
surviving  Indians,  and  of  these  but  5  are  of  full  blood.  The 
governor,  Antonio  Montoya,  is  almost  pure  Mexican.  The  con 
dition  of  their  affairs  is  such  that  the  oldest  inhabitant  claims 
to  have  forgotten  that  they  ever  had  a  clan  system. 

The  aggregate  number  of  known  clans  in  the  Tewa  villages, 
excluding  the  3  given  doubtfully  by  Bandelier,  is  100,  14  of 
these  being  extinct.  The  population  of  the  Tewa  (exclusive 
of  Pojoaque)  is  1,110.  Regarding  the  total  number  of  existing 
clans  as  86,  the  average  number  of  natives  forming  a  clan  among 
the  Tewa  is  12.9.  The  average  number  of  San  Juan  Indians 

i  No  account  of  the  clanship  system  of  these  villages  is  here  given,  since  such  would 
duplicate  the  excellent  work  of  Dr  J.  Walter  Fewkes  and  the  late  A.  M.  Stephen, 
already  published. 


Oct.  180(5]  PUEBLO   INDIAN   CLANS  347 

to  a  living  clan  is  24.77  ;  of  Santa  Clara,  15 ;  San  Ildefonso,  5.1 ; 
Nambe,  7.18;  Tesuque,  22.75,  and  Hano,  20.12. 

The  Cloud  clan  is  the  only  one  which  exists  at  all  of  these  six 
Tewa  villages.  The  Sun  people  is  found  at  all  but  Nambe, 
where  it  has  become  extinct.  The  Calabash,  Eagle,  Earth,  and 
Turkois  clans  are  or  have  been  common  to  five  of  the  Tewa 
pueblos;  the  Coral,  Corn,  Firewood  or  Timber,  Gopher,  and 
Grass  to  four  of  them,  while  several  clans  are  represented  at 
three  of  the  villages. 

Of  the  Piros  clans  little  or  nothing  is  known,  and  of  those  of  the 
Tiwa  very  little  information  could  be  gained.  Fortunately,  how 
ever,  through  Mr  Charles  F.  Lummis,  the  well-known  author — 
whose  residence  for  many  years  at  Isleta  has  gained  for  him  and 
consequently  for  us  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  customs,  my 
thology,  and  traditions  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  village — we 
have  learned  the  names  of  the  16  Isleta  clans. 

At  Sandia  and  Picuris  the  existence  of  clans  was  persistently 
denied,  but  Mr  Lummis  assures  me  that  there  is  no  possible 
doubt  that,  at  the  former  village  at  least,  the  clanship  system 
prevails.  Bandelier  states  that  the  Taos  have  13  clans,  six  of 
which  he  mentions,  but  this  investigator  admits  that  his  list  is 
"neither  complete  nor  absolutely  reliable." 

\Yith  respect  to  the  Jemez  and  Pecos  we  are  fortunately  in 
possession  of  more  complete  information.  The  population  of 
Jemez,  including  the  two  remaining  full-blood  Pecos,  is  428, 
divided  into  11  clans,  in  addition  to  a  clan  given  by  Bandelier 
as  named  from  a  flower  of  the  genus  dandelion,  but  the  exist 
ence  of  which  my  Jemez  informants  denied.  All  of  these  clans, 
with  the  exception  of  the  untraceable  Dandelion,  formerly  ex 
isted  at  Pecos,  and  the  latter  people  had  also  7  other  clans  not 
now  represented  at  Jemez.  The  average  number  of  members  of 
the  Jemez  clans  is  38.9. 

Of  the  Keres  villages  Laguna  has  18  existing  and  2  extinct 
or  probably  extinct  clans ;  Acoma,  14  existing,  6  extinct,  and  2 
(Pinon-eater  and  Ivy)  given  by  Bandelier  of  which  no  trace 
could  be  found ;  Santa  Ana,  7 ;  Sia,  16  existing  (3  of  which  are 
almost  extinct)  and  21  extinct;  San  Felipe,  21  existing  (3  of 
which  are  practically  extinct),  9  extinct,  and  one  (Ivy)  given 
by  Bandelier  as  dying  out,  but  of  which  the  writer  could  find 
no  trace;  Cochiti,  12  existing  (one  of  them  almost  extinct),  5 


348  THE   AMERICAN    ANTHROPOLOGIST  [Vol.  IX 

extinct,  and  2  (Ivy  and  Mexican  Sage)  given  by  Bandelier  but 
not  traceable  by  the  writer  unless  they  occur  under  some  other 
name.  Of  the  Santo  Domingo  clans  our  information  is  due  to 
Bandelier,  who  states  that  the  village  has  the  18  clans  common 
to  the  other  Keres  villages.  During  his  brief  visit  to  Santo  Do 
mingo  the  writer  found  it  impossible  to  learn  the  names  of  these 
clans  with  accuracy,  so  that  further  investigation  will  be  neces 
sary. 

The  population  of  the  Keres  villages  is  3,561,  and  exclusive 
of  Santo  Domingo  (whose  population  is  671),  2,890.  The  total 
number  of  their  existing  clans  (exclusive  of  Santo  Domingo,  but 
including  the  others  given  doubtfully  by  Bandelier)  is  93,  mak 
ing  the  average  membership  of  each  Keres  clan  31.07.  On  the 
same  basis  the  average  number  of  individuals  to  a  clan  in  Laguna 
is  63.5;  Acoma,  40.43;  Santa  Ana,  36.14;  Sia,6.62;  San  Felipe, 
25.18 ;  Cochiti,  6.15. 

From  the  accompanying  table  it  will  be  seen  that,  omitting 
Santo  Domingo  from  our  calculation,  the  Corn  clan  is  the  only 
one  represented  at  all  the  Keres  villages,  although  the  Eagle  and 
Turkey  peoples  have  been  common  to  all  of  them,  but  have  be 
come  extinct  at  Cochiti.  The  Bear,  Sun,  Coyote,  Antelope,  Oak, 
and  Fire  clans  are  or  have  been  represented  in  five  of  the  six 
villages ;  the  Rattlesnake,  Water,  Parrot,  Turkois,  Road-runner 
(also  called  Chapparal  Cock  and  Pheasant),  Calabash  or  Squash, 
Mountain  Lion,  and  Ivy  in  four  of  the  towns,  and  the  Earth, 
Ant,  and  Dove  in  three.  Several  clans  are  also  common  to  two 
pueblos  of  this  stock. 

Zuni  has  13  clans,  as  determined  by  Mr  F.  H.  Gushing,  and  a 
tribal  population  of  1,621.  The  average  number  of  individuals 
in  a  Zuni  clan  is  therefore  124.69. 

NATIVE    NAMES   OF   THE    CLANS 

ANT. — Nambe,  Kuny'i-tdoa ;  Pecos,  Amu*-}-}  Acoma,  Sii-hdnoqch ; 
Sia,  Sii-hdno ;  San  Felipe,  Sii-hdno. 

ANTELOPE. — San  Ildefonso,  Ton-tdoa;  Isleta,  T am-? afiriin  ;  La 
guna,  Kur'tsi-hdnoch ;  Acoma,  Kur'ts-hdnoq°h ;  Sia,  Ku'ts-hdno  ; 
San  Felipe,  Kuuts-hdno  ;  Cochiti,  Ku'ts-hdnuch. 

ARROW. — Sia.  Ishtowa-hdno ;  San  Felipe,  Ish'to-hdno. 

AXE. — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at  Taos;  native  name  un 
known. 


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Oct.  18U6]  PUEBLO   INDIAN   CLANS  349 

BADGER. — San  Juan,  Keya-tdoa;  Santa  Clara,  Ked-tdoa ;  San  Ilde- 

fonso,  Kea-tdoa;  Jemez,  Sonsadsh ;  Pecos,  So'hl  +  ;  Laguna, 

Chop'i-hdnoch ;  Sia,  Tyupi-hdno ;  Zuni,  T6nashi-kwe. 
BEAR. — San  Juan  and  Nambe,  Ke-tdoa ;  Hano,  Ke-towa;  Pecos, 

Whalatdash;     Laguna.    Koham-hdnoch;     Acoma,    Kuwham- 

hdnoqch;  Sia,  Kohai-hdno ;  San  Felipe,  Kohai-hdno;  Cochiti, 

Kuhaia-hdnuch  ;  Zuni,  Ainshi-kwe. 
BLUEBIRD. — San  Ildefonso,  Se-tdoa. 
BUFFALO. — San  Ildefonso,  Koo-tdoa ;  Pecos,  Tdshtyef-{- ;  Acoma, 

Moshaich-hdnjqch ;  Sia,  Mushach-hdno. 
CALABASH. — San  Juan,  Santa  Clara,  San  Ildefonso,  Nambe,  and 

Tesuque,  Po-tdoa;  Jemez,  Wehdtsa-dsh;  Pecos,  Wa'>-ha>-ha>; 

Acoma,    Tdny'i-hdnoqch ;   Sia  and  San  Felipe,    Tdny'i-hdno ; 

Cochiti,  Tanyi-hdnuch. 
CHAPPARAL   COCK   or   ROAD-RUNNER. — Laguna,   Shidska-hdnoch ; 

Acoma,   Shdsk'-hdnoqch ;     Sia,    Chosh'ka-hdno ;    San   Felipe, 

Sosh'ka-hdno  ;  Zuni,  Poye-kwe. 
CLOUD. — San  Juan  and  Santa  Clara,  Oquwa-tdoa;  San  Ildefonso, 

Oktiwa-tdoa ;    Nambe,    Owhu-tdoa;    Tesuque,    Owhdt-tdoa; 

Hano,  Okuwa-towa ;  Jemez,  Wdhdtsa-dsh;  Pecos,  Wd'hah-\-'j 

Sia,  He'nuti-hdno. 
.CORAL. — San  Juan,  Kopin-td6a;   Santa  Clara.  Kupi-toda;    San 

Ildefonso,  Kupin-tdoa;    Tesuque,  Kupin-tdoa ;    San  Felipe, 

Ydscha-hdno  (Coral  bead). 
CORN.— San  Juan,  Kun-tdoa;    Santa  Clara,  Khun-tdoa;   Hano, 

Kulon-towa;    Jemez,   Kyunutsa-dsh ;    Pecos,  Kyunu'-{-;    Sia 

and  San  Felipe,  Ydka-hdno ;  Santa  Ana,  Yak'-hdno;  Cochiti, 

Ydk'a-hdnuch;  Zuni  (Corn  or  Seed),  Td'a-kwe. 
CORN  (BLACK). — San  Ildefonso,  Kunfetdi-td6a. 
CORN  (BLUE). — San  Ildefonso,  Kuntsoa-tdoa ;  Isleta,  Teshur-t'aimn;- 

Acoma,  Ku''ishkoshydka-hdnoqch. 
CORN  (BROWN). — Acoma,  Kuf:ishilfydka-hdnoqch. 
CORN  (RED).— San  Ildefonso,  Kunpi-tdoa;   Isleta,  hfe'urt'ainm  ; 

Acoma,    Ku'kams'hydka-hdnoqch ;     Laguna,    Ku'kinishydka- 

hdnoeh. 

CORN  (SWEET).— San  Ildefonso,  Kunaii-td6a. 
CORN  (WHITE).— San    Ildefonso,    Kuntsd-tdoa ;    Isleta,  lebathu- 

tfairiin ;  Acoma,  Kuseshydka-hdnoqch. 
CORN  (YELLOW). — San    Ildefonso,   Kuntsei-tdoa ;   Isleta,   lechur- 

Vairiin;  Acoma,  K6chmishydka-hdnoqch ;  Laguna,  Kochinish- 

ydka-hdnoch. 


350  THE   AMERICAN   ANTHROPOLOGIST  [Vol.  IX 

COTTONWOOD. — San  Juan,  Santa  Clara,  and  San  Ildefonso,  Te-tdoa; 

Cochiti,  I'trahdni-hdnuch. 
COYOTE. — San  Juan,  San  Ildefonso,  and  Tesuque,  De-tdoa;  Jemez, 

Yantsaa;  Pecos,  IV -f;  Laguna,  Tsushki-hdnoch;  Sia,  SMfeim'- 

hdno  ;  San  Felipe,  Shrotsona-hdno  ;  Santa  Ana,  Shutson-hdno ; 

Cochiti,  Shrutsuna-hdnuch ;  Zufii,  Suski-kwe. 
CRANE  or  HERON. — Hano,  Kapulo-towa;  Sia,  Shuta-hano  ;  Zuni, 

Kd'lokta-kwe. 
CROW. — Jemez,  Kyialish  ;  Pecos,  Kyidlhl-}-;  Sia,  Schira-hdno ;  San 

Felipe,  Schilrd-hdno. 

DANCE-KILT. — Sia,  Wdshpa-hdno ;  Cochiti,  Wdshpa-hdnuch. 
DEER. — Santa  Clara,  Pd-tdoa ;  San  Ildefonso,  Pdn-tdoa;  Isleta, 

Pim-t'aimn;  Pecos,  Pa'-f-j  Sia  and  San  Felipe,  Dydni-hano  ; 

Zuni,  Shohoita-kwe. 
DOVE. — Sia,  Hohoka-hdno  ;  San  Felipe,  Huuka-hdno  ;  Santa  Ana, 

Hooka-hdno. 

DUCK. — San  Felipe,  Waiushr-hdno. 

EAGLE. — San  Juan  (given  by  Bandelier) ;  Santa  Clara  and  Te 
suque,  Tse-tdoa;  San  Ildefonso  and  Nambe,  Tse-tdoa  ;  Isleta, 

Shm-Vainin ;    Jemez,   Sehtsa-dsh ;    Pecos,    See-\- ;    Laguna, 

Tydmi-hdnoch;  Acoma,  T'ydm'i-hdnoqch;  Sia,  San  Felipe,  and 

Santa   Ana,  D'ydmi-hdno ;    Cochiti,  Dydmi-hdnuch ;    Zuni, 

K'ydk'yali-kwe. 

EAGLE  (PAINTPJD). — San  Juan,  Sepin-tdoa. 
EARTH  or  SAND. — San  Juan  and  Santa  Clara,  Na-tdoa;  Nambe 

and   Tesuque,   Nan-tdoa ;    Hano,   Ndn-towa;    Isleta,   Num- 

t'ainin;  Jemez,  Dd'dt'hl-^]  Pecos,  Dad'hl-}-]  Laguna,  Hdtsi- 

hdnoch;  San  Felipe,  Hdatsu-hdno. 
FEATHER. — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at  Taos ;  native  name 

unknown. 
JTIRE> — gan   Ildefonso   and    Narnbe,   Pa-tdoa;    Pecos,   Fwahd; 

Acoma,  Hdka-hdnoqch ;    Sia  and  Santa  Ana,  Hdkan-hdno  ; 

San  Felipe,  Hdkanyi-hdno  ;  Cochiti,  Hdkanyi-hdnuch. 
FIREWOOD  or  TIMBER. — San  Juan  and  Santa  Clara,  Pe-tdoa;  San 

Ildefonso,  Petdoa;  Hano,  Pe-toiva. 
FLOWER  (red  and  white). — San  Felipe,  I'si-hdno. 
FLOWER  (genus  Dandelion). — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at 

Jemez ;  native  name  unknown. 

FROG  or  TOAD. — San  Felipe,  Pe'ruka-hdno  ;  Zuni,  Tdk'ya-kwe. 
GOOSE. — Isleta,  Kurm-famm. 


Oct.  1896]  PUEBLO   INDIAN   CLANS  351 

GOPHER. — San  Juan,  Santa  Clara,  San  Ildefonso,  and  Tesuque, 
Dye-tdoa. 

GRASS. — San  Juan,  Nambe,and  Tesuque,  Td-tdoa;  Hano,  Td-towa. 

HAWK. — San  Ildefonso,  Kyungdn-tdoa ;  Sia,  Spia-hdno. 

HERB. — Hano,  Pohido-towa. 

HUMMING-BIRD.— San  Felipe,  M'litsr-hano. 

IVY. — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at  A  coma,  San  Felipe,  and 

Cochiti ;  native  names  unknown;  Sia,  A'kuch-hdno. 
KNIFE. — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at  Taos  ;  native  name 

unknown. 
LIZARD. — San  Juan  and  San  Ildefonso,  Ye-tdoa  ;  Laguna,  Meyo- 

hanoch ;  Sia,  Shkandtulu-hdno. 
MARTEN. — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at  San  Juan  ;  possibly 

identical  with  the  Gopher  clan. 
MOLE. — Isleta,  Ckufehu-Vairiin. 
MOON. — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at  San  Juan ;  native 

name  unknown ;  Sia  and  San  Felipe,  Tdivash-hdno. 
MOUNTAIN  LION. — San  Juan  and  San  Ildefonso, Kdn-td6a  ;  Nambe, 

Qen-tdoa  ;  Isleta,  Kim-fain  in ;  Pecos,  Shiank'yd  -j-  ;  Laguna, 

M6kaiqch-hdnoch;  Sia  and  San  Felipe,  Mokaich-hdno  ;  Cochiti, 

Mohkach-hdnuch. 
OAK. — Santa  Clara, ;  Pecos,  Gyuunsh;   Laguna,  Hdpai- 

hdnoeh ;    Acoma,  Hdpanyi-hdnoqch ;  Sia,  Hdpan-hdno ;    San 

Felipe,  Hdpanyi-hdno ;  Cochiti,  Hdpanyi-hdnuch. 
PARROT.  —  Isleta,1 ;  Laguna,  Shdivit'i-hdnoch ;    Acoma, 

ShdwU'-hdnoqctl ;    Sia   and    Santa   Ana,  Shb' witi-hdno ;    San 

Felipe,  Sho'wati-hano  ;  Zuni,  Pichi-kwe  (or  Mula-kwe,  Macaw). 
PEGWOOD  (?). — Sia,  Chdnatya-hdno. 

PINE. — Hano,  Tenyo-hdno ;  Jemez,  Kiotsad  ;  Pecos,  K'otsaa'. 
PINON. — Sia,  Tyaia-hdno. 
PINON-EATER. — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at  Acoma  ;  native 

name  unknown. 

REINDEER. — Cochiti,  Kishqra-hdnuch. 
SACRED  DANCER  (KACHINA). — Hano,  Kachina-towa. 
SAGE  (MEXICAN). — Given  by  Bandelier  as  existing  at  Cochiti ; 

native  name  unknown. 

i  Mr  Lummis,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the  native  and  English  names  of  the 
Isleta  clans,  could  not  give  the  Tiwa  name  of  the  Parrot  gens  without  reference  to  his 
notes,  which  at  the  time  were  inaccessible. 


352  THE   AMERICAN    ANTHROPOLOGIST  [Vol.  IX 

SALT. — Sia  and  San  Felipe,  Mma-hdno. 

SHELL  (pink  conch). — Hano,  Kopeli-towa. 

SHELL  BEAD. — San  Ildefonso,  Kwdtsei-tdoa ;  Taos,  given  by  Ban 
delier,  native  name  unknown  ;  Sia,  Wdpon-hdno. 

SHRUB  (RED  TOP). — Zufii,  Aiyaho-kwe. 

SKY. — Acoma,  Huwdka-hdnoqch. 

SNAKE  (RATTLE). — Laguna,  Sqowi-hdnoch;  Acoma,  Shquw'i-hdnoqch ; 
Sia,  Squ-hdno;  Cochiti,  Shruhwi-hanuch ;  Zufii.  Chitola-kwe. 

SNAKE  (WATER). — Laguna,  Shu'rshka-hdnoch. 

STAR. — Sia,  Shike-hano. 

STONE. — San  Juan,  Nan-tdoa;  San  Ildefonso,  K:u-tdoa;  Hano, 
Ku-towa  ;  Sia,  Ydunyi-hdno. 

SUN. — San  Juan,  Santa  Clara,  San  Ildefonso,  and  Tesuque, 
Tan-ldoa;  Nambe,  Tan-tdoa;  Hano,  Tan-tow  a ;  Taos,  given 
by  Bandelier,  native  name  unknown;  Isleta,  Thur-Camin; 
Jemez,  Petsad;  Pecos,  Pe'~|- ;  Laguna,  Ohshdhch-hdnoch ; 
Acoma,  Osdch-hdnoqch ;  Sia,  Osdch-hdno ;  San  Felipe,  O'shach- 
hdno;  Cochiti,  O'shach-hdnuch ;  Zufii,  Ya'tokya-kwe. 

SWALLOW. — San  Felipe,  Sisika-hdno. 

TOBACCO. — Nambe,  Sa-tdoa;  Hano,  Sd-towa;  Sia,  Hdmi-hano  ; 
San  Felipe,  Hdami-hdno ;  Zufii,  A'na-kwe. 

TREE  (birch  ?). — Nambe,  Ndna-tdoa. 

TREE  (spruce?). — San  Ildefonso,  Tse-tdoa. 

TURKEY. — Pecos,  P 'etdelu' '+ ;  Laguna,  Tsi'na-hdnoch;  Acoma,  Tsina- 
hanoqch ;  Sia,  Tsi  hdno  ;  San  Felipe,  Tsina-hdno  ;  Santa  Ana, 
Tsinha-hdno ;  Cochiti,  Tsi'n-hano ;  Zuni,  Tona-kwe. 

TURKOIS. — San  Juan  and  Santa  Clara,  Kunyd-tdoa;  San  Ilde 
fonso,  Kunye-tdoa;  Tesuque,  Konyd-tdoa;  Hano  (Turkois  ear- 
pendant),  Kuyanwe-towa  ;  Isleta,  Shurmuyu-Vainin ;  Jemez, 
Sunkitsad;  Pecos,  Sunti-{-]  Laguna,  Shu'wimi-hd>ioclt ;  Sia, 
Shiuwimi-hdno ;  San  Felipe,  Shuwimi-hdno ;  Cochiti,  Shu- 
whami-hdnuch. 

WATER. — San  Juan  and  San  Ildefonso,  P'o-tdoa ;  Taos,  given  by 
Bandelier,  native  name  unknown ;  Laguna,  Sits-hdnoch ;  Sia, 
Ts'i'ts-hdno ;  San  Felipe,  Tsits-hdno ;  Acorna  and  Cochiti, 
Tsits-hdnuch. 

WATER- PEBBLE. — Isleta,  P'dshir-tfaimn. 

WILLOW. — Santa  Clara,  Yd'n-tdoa. 

WOLF. — Isleta,  Tuim-Vairiin;  Laguna,  Kdkhan-hanoclt. 

YELLOW- WOOD. — Zufii ,  Td'hluptsi-kwe. 


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